Solar energy


Solar energy is the light and radiant heat from the Sun that influences Earth's climate and weather and sustains life. Solar power is sometimes used as a synonym for solar energy or more specifically to refer to electricity generated from solar radiation. Since ancient times solar energy has been harnessed by humans using a range of technologies. Solar radiation along with secondary solar resources such as wind and wave power, hydroelectricity and biomass account for most of the available renewable energy on Earth.
Solar energy technologies can provide electrical generation by heat engine or photovoltaic means; space heating and cooling in active and passive solar buildings; potable water via distillation and disinfection, daylighting, hot water, thermal energy for cooking, and high temperature process heat for industrial purposes.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Tuesday, January 6, 2009

Universal Solar Power - 'Solar Tres' and Commercial Solar Thermal Energy

After the success of Solar One - the world's first large-scale thermal solar power plant - and its update, Solar Two, Europe has now entered into the race for sustained solar power.

Solar Tres, located West of Ejica in the Andalusia district of Spain, has been modeled on the Solar One and Two projects, which were developed and updated in the Marstow Desert, California, in 1981 and 1995. Like its American predecessor, Solar Tres will produce energy through heliostats: large mirror assemblies that track and reflect the sun's rays throughout the day. From there, it is bounced onto a central column, named the 'Solar Power Tower', which absorbs and stores the energy, to be converted into thermal power.

What marks Solar Tres above its prototypes is that it uses molten salt as its conducting fluid, so that the energy can be stored in molten form and converted at any time. It means that the new European Solar Power Tower can be operational 24 hours a day, allowing for greater energy storage and conversion, and it outstrips its US counterparts, which ran on oils, and so had a lower capacity for storage after conversion.

It also looks to expand on the size of Solar One and Two, with a heliostat field that is three times larger than Solar Two at its optimum. It means that Solar Tres has a potential capacity of 15MW, where Solar One and Two could reach a maximum of 10MW. Not only can it run more efficiently, then - working right round the clock - but its output is greater, allowing for sustainable energy that is produced more quickly and in abundance.

By all intents and purposes, it is a larger and more ambitious project. With the backing of the EU Commission, who have provided 5 million Euro through the EU 5th Frame program, it has the potential to move thermal solar power into the competitive energy markets.

After the relative success of the original US Power Tower Plants, the improvements to Solar Tres mean a bold step towards sustainable energy in the world at large. With a project of this scale, it signals a move from personal sustainability initiatives - the efforts made, from individuals to family units - to a potentially full-fledged commercial representation of universal solar power in the community.

It now means that two of the world's major political powers - The US, and the EU - are committing themselves to the importance of sustainable energy. Whilst Solar One and Two are now closed, they represent important first examples of what Solar Tres can now make possible.

And that is not to say that the US have abandoned the pursuit; upon the closure of the original Solar One and Two site in 2001, they commenced production of Nevada Solar One, which became operational in 2007, and boasts a maximum production capacity of 75MW. With three major Solar Power Tower Plants built since 1995, moves to a genuine production of solar power are being implemented on both sides of the Atlantic. Sustainable energy is a real possibility. Let's hope other nations follow suit.

By: Chris Woolfrey

Understanding Solar Energy

Light (particularly sunlight) can be used to create heat or generate electrical power. This is referred to as solar energy.

It is a clean form of energy production, which doesn't pollute the environment as some other forms of energy production do.

There are two forms of solar energy. The first is solar thermal conversion, which uses sunlight to create heat and then electrical power. The second is photovoltaic conversion, which uses sheets of special materials to create electricity from the sun. "Photo-" means "light," and "voltaic" means "producing electricity."

Solar Thermal Conversion

Solar thermal conversion systems use reflectors or mirrors to concentrate sunlight to extremely intense levels of heat. (Solar means "of the sun," thermal means "of heat" and conversion means "changing something from one form to another.")

You can understand this better if you consider the example of using a magnifying glass to start a fire. You may have heard of this or even tried it before. You can hold a magnifying glass under the sun, and concentrate the light on a small pile of flammable materials. The magnifying glass will make the sun's heat much stronger, and will light the materials on fire. It has been said that a magnifying glass one meter in diameter, held under the sun, will create a ray hot enough to melt stone.

If you want to experiment, hold a magnifying glass flat under the sun and put your hand under it. Very soon you will need to move your hand away - don't burn yourself.
Solar thermal conversion systems use mirrors or reflectors to concentrate sunlight onto containers full of liquid. Sometimes water is used. Sometimes other liquids are used, which retain heat better than water.

The liquids are heated up to high temperatures, and this produces steam. The steam is used to turn a turbine. The turning motion of the turbine is used to create electricity.

How does a rotating motion create electricity? When you set up a coiled wire or similar device to rotate between two magnets, it generates an electric current. This is how electric generators work, as well as windmills, nuclear power plants, and other energy plants which use such things as coal, gas, or petroleum.

Windmills use the wind to create the turning motion. Nuclear power or fossil fuels are used to heat water up, thus creating steam to turn the turbines.

Solar heating is another form of solar thermal conversion. In solar heating, an absorber is used to take in sunlight and convert it to heat. The absorber could be something simple, like black paint, or it could be a special ceramic material. A heat absorber is considered to a be good one when it collects at least 95 percent of the sun's radiation.

The absorbers are then used to heat a fluid, which is then circulated to warm up buildings or to create hot-water supplies.

Photovoltaic Conversion

As covered above, photo means "light." It comes from the Greek word “phos,” which means "light."

“Voltaic” means, "producing electric current." The word comes from the name of Alessandro Volta, an Italian physicist who was a pioneer in the field of electricity during the 1700's. (His name is also where the word "volt" comes from.)

Photovoltaic means, "creating electrical energy when exposed to light."

A “cell” is a device that produces electricity. An example of an electrical cell is a flashlight battery.

Photovoltaic cells produce electricity when they are exposed to light. They usually consist of panels. The panels contain two layers of different materials.

When light hits these two layers, one of the layers becomes positively charged, and the other becomes negatively charged.

This works similarly to a regular flashlight battery, which has a positive end and a negative end. When a wire connects the two ends, they produce an electric current.

When the two layers of material in a solar cell are exposed to light, they create an electric current.

The AMOUNT of electricity generated by a solar power cell depends on several factors. Mainly:

-How big is the solar power device, and how much surface is exposed to the sun?

-How strong is the sun? (This depends on time of day, weather, latitude, etc.)

-How long is the solar power device exposed?

-How much impediment is there to the light? (Clouds, mist, dust, dirt, etc.)

In other words, a solar power cell generates electricity faster when the sun (or light) is brighter. A device with larger solar panels will produce more electricity than one with smaller panels. Exposing the cell for a longer period of time will create more electricity than exposing it for a shorter period of time. A panel near the equator will be more effective than one in an arctic region. A solar panel in misty or dusty conditions does not create as much electricity as it would in full, unobstructed sun.

Some solar cells produce only enough current to power small electronic devices, but can be "daisy-chained" (connected together) in order to create more electricity for other items.

Solar cells which produce enough electricity to run larger equipment (such as laptops) may be larger, more expensive, or heavier than the others.

But there are many varieties available. Individuals and companies are consistently striving to create lighter and more efficient portable solar cells.

Solar Energy and the Future

An advantage to solar power is that it can reduce expenses. It can also be portable. When one is backpacking in the wilderness or traveling far from power grids, solar power can provide a means of powering electronic equipment.

Another advantage is, of course, the lack of pollution created by solar energy production. In fact, if all of our electrical energy were produced by such means, we might not be worrying about global warming and the other destructive effects of pollution on our environment.

These threats to our environment also pose a threat to mankind. Solar power could be developed to a point where it, along with other forms of renewable energy, would replace harmful means of electricity production.

It isn't necessarily impossible to have a clean and safe Earth. We just have to work on it.

By: Anna Stone

Monday, December 1, 2008

Learn about Solar Energy and Solar Panel Installation...

Partner Video, googletechtalks
October 08, 2007

Google Tech Talks September 12, 2007 ABSTRACT Learn about Solar Energy and Solar Panel Installation from an Industry Expert · Overview -- how solar works, benefits, technologies, market trends ...
Google Tech Talks
September 12, 2007

ABSTRACT

Learn about Solar Energy and Solar Panel Installation from an Industry Expert

· Overview -- how solar works, benefits, technologies, market trends

· Process for installing system

· Key questions to ask & things to look for when considering solar

o Size

o Cost

o Incentives

o Return on investment

· Solar energy myths Credits: Speaker:Meredith McClintock


SolarWorld AG: Solar Power for the Vatican

Inauguration of the First Solar Power Plant for the Papal State










SolarWorld AG has completed the first solar power plant for the Vatican right next to St. Peter’s Cathedral. As from today some 2,394 solar modules will generate electricity on the roof of the Papal audience hall. Today’s audience of Pope Benedict XVI for more than 10,000 believers will already take place under the roof bedecked with solar modules. “This solar plant is designed to send out a visible signal for climate-friendly energy supply and the preservation of creation“, explains Dipl.-Ing. Frank H. Asbeck, Chairman and CEO of SolarWorld AG.

The solar power plant on the roof of the Paolo VI audience hall has a peak total output of 221.59 Kilowatt (KW), enough to generate some 300,000 Kilowatt hours of electricity. This is equivalent to the annual needs of more than 100 households. The generation of this volume of clean energy is designed to avoid the emission of 225,000 kilograms of carbon dioxide. The aesthetically sophisticated plant was blended into the historical ensemble of Vatican City with a great deal of technical and architectural effort. It is a gift from SolarWorld AG. The solar modules were manufactured at the SolarWorld facility in Freiberg/Saxony. The inverters were donated by SMA Solar Technology and the grid connection was planned by the Italian company Tecno Spot.

Since the beginning of his pontificate Pope Benedict XVI has promoted the causes of environmental and resource protection pointing to “the urgent need to discover alternative energy sources that are safe and accessible to all”. SolarWorld AG wants to support this endeavour with the highly symbolic solar plant in the Vatican. Frank H. Asbeck: „Our commitment to the international dissemination of solar power technology is dedicated to exactly the same objective”.

The original idea to build a solar plant in the Vatican already came about in 2002. The then Pope John Paul II had encouraged Asbeck who had presented him with a solar cell in the course of a general audience to continue in his efforts to promote the worldwide solar energy supply. The concrete contact for the implementation of the project in the Vatican came though the Catholic Community in the Bad Godesberg Rhine Quarter where community commitment and charitable work are promoted in an exemplary fashion.

SolarWorld AG is planning to support aid projects in the poorest countries of the world in at least the same order of magnitude as the solar plant in the Vatican. Through the project group Solar2World an aids orphanage, a hospital and several training centers in Africa have already been equipped with solar power systems. These activities will be further enhanced next year.

In addition to Frank Asbeck the speakers at today’s inauguration ceremony in the Accademia delle Scienze in the Vatican will include the President of the Governors’ Council of Vatican City, Cardinal Giovanni Lajolo, the Italian Nobel Prize winner in Physics, Carlo Rubbia, as well as the President of Eurosolar, Hermann Scheer, who will award the European Solar Prize to the Vatican and to SolarWorld AG in recognition of this successful project.
For current photo material and TV footage please go to the SolarWorld AG website www.spectrafilm.de/solarworld/vatikan/vatikan.htm.

About SolarWorld AG: The SolarWorld AG group of companies (ISIN: DE0005108401) is a world leader in providing high quality solar power technology. The company is represented at all the stages of the solar value chain combining industrial activities ranging from the raw material of silicon to turn-key solar power plants. SolarWorld AG is represented in all solar growth markets of the world. The group which is exclusively involved in its core business of photovoltaic technology operates production facilities in Germany and the USA. These supply the SolarWorld AG sales offices in Germany, Spain, USA, South Africa and Singapore. In South Korea SolarWorld AG is currently building a solar module production facility so as to be able to satisfy the growing demand in Asia on the spot in the future. The central element of the business in addition to the sale of turn-key solar plants and solar modules to the specialist trade is the distribution of solar silicon wafers to the international solar cell industry. In addition to grid-coupled (on-grid) products the group also distributes grid-independent (off-grid) solar power solutions that make an important contribution to the sustainable economic development of threshold and developing countries. The group pools its ethical commitment to solar technology especially in developing countries under the umbrella of Solar2World.
SolarWorld AG employs 2,254 people worldwide. The company is quoted at the stock market including listings in the technology index TecDAX, the ÖkoDAX, the Dow Jones STOXX 600, the international MSCI Index as well as the sustainability indices DAXglobal Alternative Energy and NAI.

Contact:
SolarWorld AG Investor Relations / Marketing Communications,
Tel.-No.: 0228/55920-459 or -470; Fax-No.: 0228/55920-9470,
E-Mail: placement(at)solarworld.de
Internet: www.solarworld.de

“Solar Energy Is Produced Right at the Consumer’s Own Home”

The need for energy is growing world-wide. The finite supplies of fuels such as oil and gas are therefore becoming increasingly dear. Solar energy is a first-rate alternative not only for developing countries. German technology in this field is setting the pace. An interview with successful solar businessman Frank Asbeck.

Electricity, the “powerhouse” of the modern economy, has many sources. What are the advantages of solar electricity?

Photovoltaic, the conversion of radiant energy into direct energy, is the only kind of energy generation that can be comprehensively and stably produced right at the consumer’s own home. Solar electricity is emission-free, and so unlike coal and gas releases no climate killer. In contrast to atomic energy, solar energy is completely safe for man and environment. Because solar electricity can be generated everywhere in the world, import of energy carriers from conflict states falls away. Likewise, there is no need to go to war over the sun. In many regions of the world, photovoltaic offers the only option for the provision of basic supplies and for economic development.

The reputation of other kinds of renewable energy has recently suffered considerably in comparison with energy production from renewable raw materials such as maize. As an agricultural engineer, what is your view of agriculture as a source of energy?

As with everything else in life, the use of bio energy can be done rightly or wrongly. The production of palm oil or genetic soya on areas of former rain forest, for example, is totally unacceptable. I find it good that more and more producers of bio fuel have pledged not to use such palm oil imports. The big mineral oil firms, however, don’t usually care where they get the bio fuel for their mixtures: the main thing is that it’s cheap. In this, by the way, they are no different from the food companies.

“I was looked upon as a complete crank”

In the mid-1990s you already wanted to build in Bonn the biggest solar energy station in the world? How did the idea go down?

I was looked upon as a complete crank. Back then, almost nobody could even spell “photovoltaic” correctly. And almost nobody, least of all the credit institutions, wanted to believe that electricity could be generated from sand (that is, silicon) and sun.

In Germany, solar electricity is still subsidised by the state. When will it become competitively viable?

That’s primarily a question of geography. In Africa, electricity from a diesel generator costs double as much as solar energy. In Europe, it is still more expensive than electricity generated from fossil fuels. Through productivity growth, we have been lowering our costs every year. By 2015, in Germany too electricity from the roof will be cheaper than electricity out of socket.

What sort of productivity growth?

We’ve been lowering the costs at all levels of added value. That ranges from silicon production to the production of high-grade wafers and cells and the recycling of raw materials in our own recycling company.

Why is your business in particular so successful?

Because we have integrated all stages of the production process, from raw materials to the system on the roof. Our strong points are independence and sustainability. We have also profited along the entire chain of value generation from the results of our research and development work. Moreover, my co-workers have fun in their jobs and in the conviction that they are doing something meaningful. There is more potential for business success in that than in the orientation on mere economic figures.

A thousand square kilometres of usable roof space

Where do you see solar energy in 2020?

In Germany we have about a thousand square kilometres of the best usable roof space at our disposal. If we have developed about half of it by 2020, we could already cover more than a third of German domestic electric consumption. In Europe as a whole, more than ten percent of the total generation of electric power could be covered by solar energy. In America we already see strong growth here. I hope that solar energy will also enable sustainable economic development in the non-industrialised world, and am very engaged in this effort.

What is your attitude towards climate protection in your own life? After all, there is a Maserati parked in front of your door.

I heat my own house with geothermal energy and generate electricity with hydropower. The Maserati was a childhood dream. I admit my contradictions. Maybe they make me credible because they’re so obvious.

At the end of his twenties, Frank H. Asbeck (49) founded his own engineering office, and in 1998 the SolarWorld AG. As sole manager, he made his business (with headquarter in Bonn) into one of the three biggest apparatus construction firms for solar electricity in the world, with manufacturing sites in Europe, Africa, North America and South East Asia. Subsidiary companies cover all stages of production and value generation, from silicon, a basic material made of sand, to the finished solar power station. At the same time, his entrepreneurial engagement has a political tinge. In 1980, Asbeck was one of the founders of the particularly environmentally aware party “The Greens” (today The Alliance ‘90/The Greens). Seven years later, he withdrew from active politics. Since 2005, Asbeck has sponsored the SolarWorld Einstein Award for trail-blazing achievements in the area of regenerative energy. The first recipient of the award was Klaus Töpfer, General Director of the Environment Programme of the United Nations and former German Environment Minister.

The interview was conducted by Hermann Horstkotte.
He is an education and science journalist for, among others, Spiegel Online and is based in Bonn.

Translation: Jonathan Uhlaner
Copyright: Goethe-Institut e.V., Online-Redaktion